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Heart of the Matter: Exploring Congenital Cardiac Defects

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1.  What is a common treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in newborns if pharmaceutical methods fail?
  1. Balloon Atrial Septostomy
  2. Surgical Closure
  3. Arterial Switch Operation
  4. Valve Replacement
2.  All of the following statements are true about the Coarctation of the Aorta, EXCEPT:
  1. Severe cases can lead to heart failure after the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) closes
  2. It causes low blood pressure in both the upper and lower body
  3. The condition primarily affects the pulmonary arteries
  4. It always presents with a well-formed aortic valve and leaflets
3.  Which of the following monitoring techniques is essential for detecting arrhythmias and changes in cardiac rhythm in patients with congenital cardiac anomalies?
  1. Continuous Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ECG)
  2. Echocardiography
  3. Hemodynamic Monitoring
  4. Continuous Oxygenation Monitoring
4.  Which of the following strategies is recommended to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in infants with congenital cardiac defects?
  1. High tidal volume ventilation
  2. Limiting peak inspiratory pressures
  3. Increasing respiratory rate
  4. Using hyperoxia to improve oxygenation
5.  Which of the following is a necessary criterion before extubating an infant with congenital cardiac defects?
  1. Presence of hypercapnia
  2. High-frequency ventilation
  3. Adequate airway protection and secretion clearance
  4. Inability to maintain tidal volume without support